Differences. Differences between. Nippon Professonal Baseball and Major League Baseball. Cultural Differences. The cultural differences between Japan and the United States. Baseball was imported to Japan over a century ago. The sport became. Japanized due to social customs and cultures in the background. Shuji). For instance, the Di. Muro affair went from stadium news to being a cultural affair. The root of the problem is similar to the reasons for economic. United States and Japan. The Japanese have. In the United States, however, the judgement. In order for. Japan and the United states to "play" together in this. Professor William Kelly of Yale provides us with. America has a 'dry' business. Japan's. 'wet' group mentality" can be exemplified by seeing the players. In this light, the. Shuji). This is. an example of the cultural phenomenon that the Japanese strive. In addition, in Japan there is a general idea that a referee or judge's decision. The outcome of discussions by several people, according to. Japanese custom, should be given more respect than the judgement of one. ![]() Differences Between Mens and Womens Basketball. Every sport has changes to its game with every new season it faces. Some of the differences. The squash ball is not made of elastic rubber as the one for the other sport. They are essentially the same game with slight. 'Differences Between Squash. So, umpires huddle together to discuss a debated call, and the outcome. America is no longer an American sport and people need to make. The following is a list of differences between Season 4 of the television show Game of Thrones and. Differences between books and. him 'good sport. Similar findings are also reported in the sport medicine literature where. are differences between men and women in their. in the Jeopardy game. Differences in the game. The following details sound foreign to an American baseball. Japan and the United. States provide for a completely different feeling during the game. For instance, schoolgirls are ushers and whistles are blown to. No one fights for these foul balls. There is also no brawling. American baseball. The players have no agents. Verducci). Japanese baseball can be compared to American baseball as it used. Japan is 5. 0 years behind. Other rules that are different. Japan include the maximum number of gaijin, or foreign players. Verducci). This number is quite small compared to the. American teams. In addition, the strike. Japanese baseball (Whiting). Players. are neither as large or as swift as Americans, in general, the. Differences between. sport and people need to make an effort to bridge this cultural gap if the two nations are going to play together. Differences in the game.Japan are all dirt. The strike zone is irregular, strategy so enforced that the best. Fimrite). Finally, the Japanese use a slightly smaller. Koppel). The concession stands at games of Japanese baseball are completely different. They sell curry and rice (in addition to hot dogs and beer) (Kelly). The Japanese. game has not only adapted the American names for foods, but has also taken American. Foods served at baseball games in Japan include "hottu. Also, Japan's baseball games consist. Verducci). The Japanese. One example is of a Japanese baseball. Hanshin Tigers, named after an American team, the. Detroit tigers. The team is owned by the Hanshin Electric Railway. Kelly). To the U. S. owner, the teams are the top priority. Japan's teams are corporate. Baseball has been taken from American roots and customized. Japanese philosophy. Things work through "consensus. Fitzpatrick). Differences in Players. The salaries of the players in America and in Japan provide. ![]() As of 1. 99. 4, in the U. S. the contract. between the players and owners is the basic agreement that governs. In Japan, the contract between the owners of the central. Pacific league governs baseball. The players in Japan don't demand more money because this would. They are. instead kept in the dark about the salaries and they like it this. Fitzpatrick). In addition, the life of the Japanese player is very different from the life. U. S. The Japanese live in dormitories, have one month off. They practice. for hours each day, have daily meetings and film studies, and they have little. Some teams can't smoke, drink, or even grow a mustache. But, these guys can have a job with an organization for life. The players typically. Verducci). Similar to the fact that the Japanese don't change jobs as often as people in. Untied States, they don't change baseball teams either. The Japanese players. Lidz). The negotiations of contracts in the United States. The team loyalty that is seen in Japan would never be. U. S. Because the different customs of players from the U. S. are very different from. Japan, the gaijin are not looked upon favorably by many in Japan. Their flashy manners are a "grievous sin" in deportment conscious. Japan. Most gaijin are only in Japan for the money (because the American mentality. Japan. One player raises. Verducci). Cromartie, an American player in Japan calls baseball "work. Japanese baseball. North American players are popular with fans because of their power- -they hit. Koppel). However, according to a Japanese proverb. The nail that sticks up, shall be hammered down," the Japanese feel. Fimrite). So the traditional fans are at odds with a new generation of fans. Americans. Fan Clubs. One aspect of Japanese baseball that exemplifies a huge difference. Japanese and American baseball involves the Japanese fan. The fans sit in the bleacher sections and unreserved. The fans are stereotyped to be hysterical. Kelly). The truth is that the cheering in the stands is the mood. For instance, each player has his own hitting march. There is also a reward chant if. The chants are accompanied. Japanese taiko drums, Western base- drums. In addition, the fans' arsenal includes pre- game. Lucky seventh" inning. After victories, the fans display their. Kelly). One professor describes the root of the cheering section of the. The fundamental rhythmic pattern of the cheers, explained by the. Kelly). So, chants were messages from the gods to the. The fan support is central to the baseball game. It can be compared. U. S. collegiate cheering seen at football games. The fan. support is long, but the current fan clubs are from the mid 7. Japanese developments at this time. These included. "the popularity of several managers, the spread of television. Kelly). All of these developments spread professional baseball's. Another important aspect of Japanese baseball can be seen best. ![]() Instead of cheering against the visiting team, the fans drink. Unlike American baseball games, the games consistently. Japanese work day is over. ![]() Also. the people are allowed to bring in their own food and drinks. The fan club members, especially the Tiger's fans, are business. Because. the bulk of the Kansai economy is small and medium businesses. Kelly). The fans are devoted to their clubs and their teams, but they. This exemplifies. Japanese demand for instant gratification. These fanatics. seek intensified meaning and pleasure from their baseball games. This is evidence as they give lots of money, time, and energy. As "agents of disruption,". Kelly). The infield audience. U. S. ballparks. They add their. The fan clubs, as a major difference between American and. Japanese baseball, are an excellent indicator of the differences. Sex differences in humans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sex differences in humans have been studied in a variety of fields. In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth: the presence or absence of a Y chromosome, the type of gonads, the sex hormones, the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus in females), and the external genitalia.[1]A distinction is sometimes made between sex and gender. Sex differences generally refer to traits that are sexually dimorphic. Such differences are hypothesized to be products of the evolutionary process of sexual selection.[2][3] By contrast, the term gender differences refers to average group differences between males and females that are presumably based on sexually monomorphic (the same between the sexes) biological adaptations. Medicine[edit]Sex differences in medicine include sex- specific diseases, which are diseases that occur only in people of one sex; and sex- related diseases, which are diseases that are more usual to one sex, or which manifest differently in each sex. For example, certain autoimmune diseases may occur predominantly in one sex, for unknown reasons. Gender- based medicine, also called "gender medicine", is the field of medicine that studies the biological and physiological differences between the human sexes and how that affects differences in disease. Traditionally, medical research has mostly been conducted using the male body as the basis for clinical studies. Similar findings are also reported in the sport medicine literature where males typically account for > 6. The findings of these studies have often been applied across the sexes and healthcare providers have assumed a uniform approach in treating both male and female patients. More recently, medical research has started to understand the importance of taking the sex into account as the symptoms and responses to medical treatment may be very different between sexes.[5]Neither concept should be confused with sexually transmitted diseases, which are diseases that have a significant probability of transmission through sexual contact. Sex- related illnesses have various causes: Sex- linked genetic illnesses. Parts of the reproductive system that are specific to one sex. Social causes that relate to the gender role expected of that sex in a particular society. Different levels of prevention, reporting, diagnosis or treatment in each gender. Physiology[edit]Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans. These can be of several types, including direct and indirect. Direct being the direct result of differences prescribed by the Y- chromosome, and indirect being a characteristic influenced indirectly (e. Y- chromosome. Sexual dimorphism is a term for the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species. Direct sex differences follow a bimodal distribution. Through the process of meiosis and fertilization (with rare exceptions), each individual is created with zero or one Y- chromosome. The complementary result for the X- chromosome follows, either a double or a single X. Therefore, direct sex differences are usually binary in expression (although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions). These include, most conspicuously, male (vs female) gonads. Indirect sex differences are general differences as quantified by empirical data and statistical analysis. Most differing characteristics will conform to a bell- curve (i. Often only the mean or mean difference between sexes is given. This may or may not preclude overlap in distributions. For example, most males are taller and stronger than females,[6] but an individual female could be taller and stronger than an individual male. These differences and their extent vary across societies.[7]The most obvious differences between males and females include all the features related to reproductive role, notably the endocrine (hormonal) systems and their physiological and behavioral effects, including gonadal differentiation, internal and external genital and breast differentiation, and differentiation of muscle mass, height, and hair distribution. Psychology[edit]Research on biological sex differences in human psychology investigates cognitive and behavioral differences between men and women. This research employs experimental tests of cognition, which take a variety of forms. Tests focus on possible differences in areas such as IQ, spatial reasoning, aggression, emotion, and brain structure and function. Chromosomal make up is important in human psychology. Women typically have two X chromosomes while males have an X and Y chromosomal structure. The X chromosome is much more active than Y and it affects behavior.[8] Genetic researchers claim that the X chromosome is the primary holder of the gene responsible for sociability.[9]Most IQ tests are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males. Areas where differences have been found include verbal and mathematical ability.[1. IQ tests that measure fluid g and have not been constructed to eliminate sex differences also tend to show that sex differences are either non- existent or negligible.[1. In 2. 01. 3, 7. 4. In the same year, 7. This is a marginal increase from 6. Because social and environmental factors affect brain activity and behavior, where differences are found, it can be difficult for researchers to assess whether or not the differences are innate. Studies on this topic explore the possibility of social influences on how both sexes perform in cognitive and behavioral tests. Stereotypes about differences between men and women have been shown to affect a person's behavior (this is called stereotype threat).[1. In his book titled Gender, Nature, and Nurture, psychologist Richard Lippa found that there were large differences in women's and men's preferences for realistic occupations (for example, mechanic or carpenters) and moderate differences in their preferences for social and artistic occupations. His results also found that women tend to be more people- oriented and men more thing- oriented.[1. Hartung & Widiger (1. Of the 8. 0 disorders diagnosed in adulthood for which sex ratios are provided, 3. Differences in male and female jealousy can also be observed. While female jealousy is more likely to be inspired by emotional infidelity, male jealousy is most likely to be brought on by sexual infidelity. A clear majority of approximately 6. In 2. 00. 5, Janet Shibley Hyde from the University of Wisconsin- Madison introduced the gender similarities hypothesis, which suggests that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. The research focused on cognitive variables (for example, reading comprehension, mathematics), communication (for example, talkativeness, facial expressions), social and personality (for example, aggression, sexuality), psychological well- being, and motor behaviors. Using results from a review of 4. A few exceptions were some motor behaviors (such as throwing distance) and some aspects of sexuality (such as attitudes about casual sex), which show the largest gender differences. She concludes her article by stating: "It is time to consider the costs of overinflated claims of gender differences. Arguably, they cause harm in numerous realms, including women’s opportunities in the workplace, couple conflict and communication, and analyses of self- esteem problems among adolescents."[2. Hyde also stated elsewhere that "variations within genders are greater than variations between genders."[2. In 2. 01. 2 Irina Trofimova [2. She pointed out to several other studies on humans and other primates showing a levelling of sex differences in sociability and physical strength. Males and females might indeed have different timings of maturation of physical and verbal systems: according to Mc. Guinness and Pribram (1. This coincides with the higher mobility of boys, accompanied by their lower rates of speech development in childhood, in comparison to girls. These different timings in maturation appear as sex differences in early age, and likely level off in later adulthood (Barbu, Cabanes, & Le Maner- Idrissi, 2. This middle age – middle sex phenomenon might explain why meta- analytic reports and several experimental studies of verbal abilities and dominance using adult participants reported no sex differences. Sociology[edit]Sex differences in crime are differences between men and women as the perpetrators or victims of crime. Such studies may belong to fields such as criminology or sociobiology (which attempts to demonstrate a causal relationship between biological factors, in this case sex, and human behaviors). Self- reported delinquent acts are higher for men than women across many different actions, thus supporting the fact that men commit more criminal acts than women.[2. Many professionals have offered explanations for sex difference in crimes. Some differing explanations include men's evolutionary tendency toward risk and violent behavior, sex differences in activity, social support, and gender inequality. Despite the difficulty to interpret them, crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship. An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors, crimes going unreported, or to biological factors (as sociobiological theories claim). Furthermore, the nature of the crime is taken into account. Crime can be measured by such data as arrest records, imprisonment rates, and surveys. However, not all crimes are reported or investigated. Moreover, some studies show that men can have an overwhelming bias against reporting themselves to be the victims of a crime (particularly when victimized by a woman), and some studies have argued that men reporting intimate partner violence find disadvantageous biases in law enforcement.[2.
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